东巴、达巴口头传统研究 = A study of Dongba and Daba oral traditions

• Main Author: 许多多 Xu, Duoduo
• Other Authors: Crossland-Guo Shuyun
• Format: Theses and Dissertations
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2018
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Language::Philology
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/73425
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

本文结合田野调查搜集的资料，从口头诗学的角度审视分析东巴、达巴口诵经文。居于中国西南川滇交界地区的东巴教与达巴教是同宗共源的本土宗教，在历史上曾受到苯教以及藏传佛教影响。东巴与达巴是麽些人的祭司。两种称呼源于方言语音上的差异：西部支系称“东巴”，东部支系称“达巴”。 自十九世纪西方传教士发现东巴文以来，东巴文化的研究多集中在经书解读及文字性质的讨论，对于其口传文学的特点则着墨不多。达巴教一度被认为没有文字，直至二十世纪中其象形文书写的历书方才被发现。达巴经文依靠口传心记，但是目前尚未得到详细、深入的整理翻译。论文综述目前学者就东巴、达巴口头传统的研究成果，确立论述框架。之后从口头诗学理论所关注的命题展开论述，包括：程式（语词、句型）、主题、书写、“不一致”现象。语词程式中既有具有符号化含义的名称，亦有适应于韵律需要的名词-修饰语程式。句型程式体现了语言类型和叙述习惯的影响。主题的叙述形态可分为固定结构与非固定结构两种类型，叙事功能则有引、祝、比、兴等。书写部分将仅有的达巴月宿象形文与东巴相关文献进行比较，指出文字形态相对古老的达巴历书对于口传文化的记忆更为稳定。本文探讨的“不一致”现象包括两个支系之间宗教文化元素的差异以及经文情节中的矛盾，成因包括：文字对于口头传统文化的“干扰”、本土化过程的差异、程式与主题的叠加、宗教文化元素的程式化。本文呈现笔者从口头诗学视角对于东巴、达巴经文全面细致的剖析，对于前人研究中阙如或存疑问题的见解。并附录田野调查收集整理的汝可东巴和达巴经文语料。经文解读翻译遵照民族语、对译、通译等多行对照的标准，是为纳西东巴宝库新的原始资料。 The present study aims at a comprehensive discussion on several topics related to Dongba and Daba Oral Traditions. This work applies the Oral Composition Theory to Dongba and Daba oral cultures, including my own field work data on the Moso people. Dongba and Daba classics represent one of the few oral traditions still surviving in the world. Even if texts written through Dongba glyphs transcribing the classics are available to Dongba priests, those priests maintain intact their own oral composition strategies when they perform, reciting the classics. They follow specific formulaic patterns independent from written texts and renew the oral chants following their own tradition. These oral compositions and the related performance skills have not yet been extensively studied. The present study aims, therefore, at an in-depth analysis of Dongba and Daba oral traditions with the application of the Oral Composition Theory. The oral composition theory applies a linguistic approach and has generated a set of generic topics of oral traditions, for example, analyses of epithets, meters, combination of themes, variability of stories, etc. This dissertation reviews the currently available studies on Dongba and Daba oral traditions in order to highlight the aspects of my analysis of oral formulas. Basic topics of oral traditions, including: formulaic expressions and syntactic systems, themes, emergence of writing systems, and inconsistencies (in narratives) will be discussed. This analytic work presents a comprehensive and detailed survey of Dongba and Daba oral classics, proposing also innovative hypotheses and reconstructions of so far neglected (in previous studies) questions and issues. Moreover, this dissertation provides the first original language documentation materials collected from Ruke Dongba and Na Daba contexts by the author during her field work in these almost unexplored places.