KAJIAN PUSTAKA STRATEGI PENGHANTARAN MAKROMOLEKUL (DSRNA, ZFN, DAN PEPTIDA) PADA TERAPI PENYAKIT MALARIA AKIBAT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

• Main Author: Rahmatia, Raehan
• Format: Final Project
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/56654
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

It has been more than 100 years since malaria was discovered until now the disease is still one of the major global problems in the health sector. The disease, which has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, is caused by infection with the deadliest parasite Plasmodium, namely Plasmodium falciparum. Less specific drug targeting and the development of drug resistance have led to the failure of malaria therapy. Therefore, new therapeutic agents and drug delivery strategies are needed that are more specific and potent so that they can eliminate parasites effectively. With advances in technology in the field of bioinformatics, the experts conducted several tests on P. falciparum at the gene level with high specificity in the form of gene silencing. In this literature study, several macromolecules were examined including double-stranded Ribonucleic Acid (dsRNA), Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN), and peptides which have the potential as antimalarial agents and their delivery system to P. falciparum cells. Literature searches are carried out through search engines on the Pubmed and Google Scholar websites. The results of literature search showed that the three groups of macromolecules had growth inhibiting activity in P. falciparum. dsRNA utilizes gene silencing without Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) modification while ZFN implements gene silencing with DNA modification which is also called gene editing. There are two factors that need to be considered in designing a macromolecule delivery system, namely extracellular factors and intracellular factors. The mechanism of internalization of the therapeutic agent into parasitic cells can occur by passive diffusion and endocytosis. The ideal intrinsic properties for therapeutic agents delivered to P. falciparum cells by passive diffusion are high hydrophobicity, positive charge, and a molecular weight of more than 1400 Da and a particle size of less than 80 nm. The components used successfully in delivering macromolecule to P. falciparum are cationic polymers and a mixture of cationic lipids and cationic peptides. The percentage of parasite growth inhibition is greater in the macromolecule with the nanoparticle system than the free macromolecule. Research on the effective delivery of macromolecule to P. falciparum is suggested for further development.