DEVELOPMENT OF GARGLE FORMULATION FROM THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PROPOLIS AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSELLE FLOWER (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA AND FUNGI
The imbalance or dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, potentially caused by poor oral hygiene, allows the manifestation of commensal microbes to become pathogens. The use of gargle solutions capable of exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects against oral pathogens can serve as a preventive m...
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| Format: | Final Project |
| Language: | Indonesia |
| Online Access: | https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/80274 |
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| Institution: | Institut Teknologi Bandung |
| Language: | Indonesia |
| Summary: | The imbalance or dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, potentially caused by poor oral hygiene,
allows the manifestation of commensal microbes to become pathogens. The use of gargle
solutions capable of exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects against oral pathogens can serve
as a preventive measure or additional treatment in the early stages of oral diseases. Propolis and
red roselle are natural substances known for their rich content of phenolic compounds, which can
act as antimicrobial agents, thereby presenting the potential for development into gargle
formulations. Antimicrobial activity testing was conducted on ethanol extracts of propolis and
aqueous extracts of red roselle calyx against 3 oral microbes: Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was determined by
establishing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal
concentration (MBC/MFC) using the microdilution method; assessing extracts combination
properties using the checkerboard assay; phenol coefficient test; and standard antiseptic test. The
results showed that ethanol extracts of propolis and aqueous extracts of red roselle calyx have
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The combination
of extracts exhibits additive antimicrobial properties. The gargle formulation consisted of 2%
ethanol extract of propolis and 1% aqueous extract of red roselle calyx. Evaluation of the
formulation indicated that the gargle was transparent light brown, slightly acidic with a cool and
roughness sensation, menthol-scented, and had a liquid texture; pH 5.44±0.03; viscosity 1.36
mPa.s; and was homogeneous. The undiluted gargle formulation effectively killed bacteria at
contact times of 2, 5, and 10 minutes.
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