DEVELOPMENT OF GARGLE FORMULATION FROM THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PROPOLIS AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSELLE FLOWER (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA AND FUNGI

• Main Author: Diah Apri Anjalikha, Putu
• Format: Final Project
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/80274
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

The imbalance or dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, potentially caused by poor oral hygiene, allows the manifestation of commensal microbes to become pathogens. The use of gargle solutions capable of exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects against oral pathogens can serve as a preventive measure or additional treatment in the early stages of oral diseases. Propolis and red roselle are natural substances known for their rich content of phenolic compounds, which can act as antimicrobial agents, thereby presenting the potential for development into gargle formulations. Antimicrobial activity testing was conducted on ethanol extracts of propolis and aqueous extracts of red roselle calyx against 3 oral microbes: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was determined by establishing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) using the microdilution method; assessing extracts combination properties using the checkerboard assay; phenol coefficient test; and standard antiseptic test. The results showed that ethanol extracts of propolis and aqueous extracts of red roselle calyx have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The combination of extracts exhibits additive antimicrobial properties. The gargle formulation consisted of 2% ethanol extract of propolis and 1% aqueous extract of red roselle calyx. Evaluation of the formulation indicated that the gargle was transparent light brown, slightly acidic with a cool and roughness sensation, menthol-scented, and had a liquid texture; pH 5.44±0.03; viscosity 1.36 mPa.s; and was homogeneous. The undiluted gargle formulation effectively killed bacteria at contact times of 2, 5, and 10 minutes.