Reviews on calcium mediated secondary messengers in chronic opioids exposure/addiction
Addiction and withdrawal are problems disturbing the health of the individual and also causes difficulties for society, raising the rates of divorce, unemployment and government spending on legal and medical systems. Opioids show an important pharmacological effect in the treatment of pain, with e...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.unisza.edu.my/5824/1/FH02-FPSK-15-02624.jpg http://eprints.unisza.edu.my/5824/ |
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| Institution: | Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin |
| Language: | English |
| Summary: | Addiction and withdrawal are problems disturbing the health of the individual and also causes difficulties for
society, raising the rates of divorce, unemployment and government spending on legal and medical systems.
Opioids show an important pharmacological effect in the treatment of pain, with extremely addictive potential.
Chronic opioid exposure is known to produce the complex behaviors of tolerance and dependence, a state
exposed by opioid abstinence leading to withdrawal syndrome, as well as oxidative stress. Studies show that
calcium mediated secondary messengers play a crucial role in the mechanism of addictive process and oxidative
stress induced by chronic opioid usage. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), is a major
calcium regulated signal transducer that controls many neuronal systems and play important role in neuronal
plasticity and can act as a key and direct promoting opioid tolerance and dependence and identifying such a direct
mechanism may be useful for designing a pharmacology treatment for these conditions, recent studies, has been
shown that calcium channels antagonist can be used in the treatment of withdrawal syndrome. Chronic opioid
exposure associated with tolerance, dependence withdrawal syndrome and oxidative stress. Studies has shown
that calcium mediated secondary messengers involved in the genesis of these conditions, better understanding of
biological mechanisms underlie reduction in neuronal cell excitability could help in the identification of
pharmacological targets for treatment. |
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