中晚唐詩歌“學問化”研究 ：從類書與“類”的觀念切入= The “erudite” tendency in Middle and Late Tang poetry (760s-870s CE) : from the perspectives of category-books (Leishu) and the concept of "category"

• Main Author: 王治田 Wang, Zhitian
• Other Authors: Qu Jingyi
• Format: Thesis-Doctor of Philosophy
• Language: Chinese
• Published: Nanyang Technological University 2020
• Subjects: Humanities::Literature::Chinese
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/140128
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

傳統的詩歌史多在抒情主義的視野下展開，然而在中國古典詩歌史和詩論中，尚有關於詩歌“學問化”傳統的論述。中晚唐詩歌“學問化”與當時類書編纂的風氣是密切相關的。類書發展出的“類”的觀念，促成了詩人“學問化”的趨向。大曆年間的浙東、浙西聯句唱和，復興了齊梁“徵事”的風氣，在雜體詩的創作中呈現出競技與遊戲的趣味。浙西聯句集會，正是在《韻海鏡源》修纂之餘展開，可以看出其與類書編纂之關係。經由與孟郊的聯句，韓愈接受了浙西聯句的影響，並進一步發展了其追求新變的詩學。他“根底經史、旁收百家”的博雅詩風，是對唐代復古詩學的集大成。白居易詩歌，無論其平易、饒舌，還是宏富、博學的一面，都和《六帖》有著密切的關係。由此可以看出類書的編纂及其思維方式對白居易詩歌的影響。晚唐詩人繼承了中唐好新變、好險怪的美學，卻又缺乏中唐人的鋪張和激進之態。李商隱、杜牧進一步將類書的創作思維滲入詩歌，在排比典故中，發展出一種“類書體詩”。為了在用典上翻新出奇，他們不惜扭曲典故、甚至杜撰“偽典”，可謂詩歌學問化的異變。段成式主導的兩次詩文唱和，都呈現出對於僻事、僻典的極大的興趣。皮日休、陸龜蒙主導的松陵唱和，也在繼續著徵集典故、炫學逞辭的活動，以此作為隱逸生活的寄託。總之，中晚唐詩歌，既是對齊梁詩重競技、重知識的一面的繼承和發揚，又對宋詩“學問化”有開導作用，具有重要的詩歌史意義。 Traditional poetic history predominately unfolds itself in the perspective of lyric tradition, while there are still much discourses on the “xue-wen” tradition, which refers to an “erudite” tendency, in classical Chinese poetic history and poetics. In the history of Chinese classic poetry, the compiling of Category-books (Leishu) is especially closely related to the “erudite” tendency of poetry. The concept of “Category” deprived from the Category-books promotes the “erudite” tendency in the poetry composition. The linked-verse activities in Zhe-dong and Zhe-xi in Dali Era (766-779 CE) revived the “allusion collection” activities once emerged in Qi and Liang dynasties (479-557 CE) and manifested great interest in competing in skills and plays in the composition of za-ti (miscellaneous style) poetry. Han Yü (768-842 CE) bore the influence from the Zhe-xi poetry group through his linked-verse activities with Meng Jiao (751-814 CE) , and developed the poetic pursuit of innovation and revolution. He adopted large number of allusions from the previous books, rendering his poetry an erudite atmosphere like a collage in diverse tones with its dominant hue in refined Confucius orthodox style. Bai Juyi’s (772-846 CE) poetry was wel-known for his plain and approachable language. While considering his compilation of the greatest category-book (encyclopedia), Baishi Liutie Shileiji (Master Bai's collection of categorized matters in six tablets), during his time, it is incentive to examine the relationship between his poetry writing and the encyclopedia he compiled. Through this, we can notice the bookish side of Bai’s poetry. In Li Shangyin (813-ca.858 CE) and Du Mu (803-852 CE)’s poetry, it is found that they tended to enumerate the allusions in a linear consequence, to assist the poets’ narration, or just listed the correspond allusions randomly, to express their lament or exhortation, which is similar to the way through which category-books are compiled. They even fabricated some allusion to renovate their words and expression. The two poetry activities dominated by Duan Chengshi (ca.803-863 CE) also shew great interest in the less-known knowledges and allusions. This preference also shew in the poetry activity in Songling (modern Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) held by Pi Rixiu (834/840-883 CE) and Lu Guimeng (?-881 CE), who obsessed themselves in the entertaining games of allusion collection and language contest so as to convey their seclusion passion. Above all, the “erudite” tendency in Middle and Late Tang poetry carried on the poetic tradition of Qi and Liang period, and also opened the way for the formation of Song poetry style.