SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 6 triggers NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis by targeting ATP6AP1

• Main Authors: Sun, Xiao, Liu, Yingzhi, Huang, Ziheng, Xu, Wenye, Hu, Wei, Yi, Lina, Liu, Zhe, Chan, Hung, Zeng, Judeng, Liu, Xiaodong, Chen, Huarong, Yu, Jun, Chan, Francis Ka Leung, Ng, Siew Chien, Wong, Sunny Hei, Wang, Maggie Haitian, Gin, Tony, Joynt, Gavin Matthew, Hui, David Shu Cheong, Zou, Xuan, Shu, Yuelong, Cheng, Christopher Hon Ki, Fang, Shisong, Luo, Huanle, Lu, Jing, Chan, Matthew Tak Vai, Zhang, Lin, Wu, William Ka Kei
• Other Authors: Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: Science::Medicine; ATP6AP1 Protein; Cryopyrin
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/162774
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

A recent mutation analysis suggested that Non-Structural Protein 6 (NSP6) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a key determinant of the viral pathogenicity. Here, by transcriptome analysis, we demonstrated that the inflammasome-related NOD-like receptor signaling was activated in SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients' lung tissues. The induction of inflammasomes/pyroptosis in patients with severe COVID-19 was confirmed by serological markers. Overexpression of NSP6 triggered NLRP3/ASC-dependent caspase-1 activation, interleukin-1β/18 maturation, and pyroptosis of lung epithelial cells. Upstream, NSP6 impaired lysosome acidification to inhibit autophagic flux, whose restoration by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, metformin or polydatin abrogated NSP6-induced pyroptosis. NSP6 directly interacted with ATP6AP1, a vacuolar ATPase proton pump component, and inhibited its cleavage-mediated activation. L37F NSP6 variant, which was associated with asymptomatic COVID-19, exhibited reduced binding to ATP6AP1 and weakened ability to impair lysosome acidification to induce pyroptosis. Consistently, infection of cultured lung epithelial cells with live SARS-CoV-2 resulted in autophagic flux stagnation, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis. Overall, this work supports that NSP6 of SARS-CoV-2 could induce inflammatory cell death in lung epithelial cells, through which pharmacological rectification of autophagic flux might be therapeutically exploited.