Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules

Most thin film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda lime glass (SLG) substrates containing alkali oxides, such as Na2O. Na may diffuse from SLG into a module’s active layers through P1 lines, an area between a module’s constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer (CTL) i...

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Main Authors: Kosasih, Felix Utama, Di Giacomo, Francesco, Ferrer Orri, Jordi, Li, Kexue, Tennyson, Elizabeth M., Li, Weiwei, Matteocci, Fabio, Kusch, Gunnar, Yaghoobi Nia, Narges, Oliver, Rachel A., MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L., Moore, Katie L., Stranks, Samuel D., Di Carlo, Aldo, Divitini, Giorgio, Ducati, Caterina
Other Authors: Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169736
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Institution: Nanyang Technological University
Language: English
id sg-ntu-dr.10356-169736
record_format dspace
institution Nanyang Technological University
building NTU Library
continent Asia
country Singapore
Singapore
content_provider NTU Library
collection DR-NTU
language English
topic Engineering::Materials
Soda Lime Glass
Thin Film Photovoltaics
spellingShingle Engineering::Materials
Soda Lime Glass
Thin Film Photovoltaics
Kosasih, Felix Utama
Di Giacomo, Francesco
Ferrer Orri, Jordi
Li, Kexue
Tennyson, Elizabeth M.
Li, Weiwei
Matteocci, Fabio
Kusch, Gunnar
Yaghoobi Nia, Narges
Oliver, Rachel A.
MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L.
Moore, Katie L.
Stranks, Samuel D.
Di Carlo, Aldo
Divitini, Giorgio
Ducati, Caterina
Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
description Most thin film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda lime glass (SLG) substrates containing alkali oxides, such as Na2O. Na may diffuse from SLG into a module’s active layers through P1 lines, an area between a module’s constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer (CTL) is in direct contact with SLG. Na diffusion from SLG is known to cause several important effects in II-VI and chalcogenide solar modules, but it has not been studied in perovskite solar modules (PSMs). In this work, we use complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to show that Na diffusion occurs in the fabrication process of PSMs. Na diffuses vertically inside P1 lines and then laterally from P1 lines into the active area for up to 360 μm. We propose that this process is driven by the high temperatures the devices are exposed to during CTL and perovskite annealing. The diffused Na preferentially binds with Br, forming Br-poor, I-rich perovskite and a species rich in Na and Br (Na-Br) close to P1 lines. Na-Br passivates defect sites, reducing non-radiative recombination in the perovskite and boosting its luminescence by up to 5x. Na-Br is observed to be stable after 12 weeks of device storage, suggesting long-lasting effects of Na diffusion. Our results point to a potential avenue to increase PSM performance, but also highlights the possibility of unabated Na diffusion throughout a module’s lifetime, especially if accelerated by the electric field and elevated temperatures achievable during device operation.
author2 Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
author_facet Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
Kosasih, Felix Utama
Di Giacomo, Francesco
Ferrer Orri, Jordi
Li, Kexue
Tennyson, Elizabeth M.
Li, Weiwei
Matteocci, Fabio
Kusch, Gunnar
Yaghoobi Nia, Narges
Oliver, Rachel A.
MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L.
Moore, Katie L.
Stranks, Samuel D.
Di Carlo, Aldo
Divitini, Giorgio
Ducati, Caterina
format Article
author Kosasih, Felix Utama
Di Giacomo, Francesco
Ferrer Orri, Jordi
Li, Kexue
Tennyson, Elizabeth M.
Li, Weiwei
Matteocci, Fabio
Kusch, Gunnar
Yaghoobi Nia, Narges
Oliver, Rachel A.
MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L.
Moore, Katie L.
Stranks, Samuel D.
Di Carlo, Aldo
Divitini, Giorgio
Ducati, Caterina
author_sort Kosasih, Felix Utama
title Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
title_short Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
title_full Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
title_fullStr Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
title_full_unstemmed Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
title_sort sodium diffuses from glass substrates through p1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules
publishDate 2023
url https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169736
_version_ 1773551210279731200
spelling sg-ntu-dr.10356-1697362023-08-01T15:37:27Z Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules Kosasih, Felix Utama Di Giacomo, Francesco Ferrer Orri, Jordi Li, Kexue Tennyson, Elizabeth M. Li, Weiwei Matteocci, Fabio Kusch, Gunnar Yaghoobi Nia, Narges Oliver, Rachel A. MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L. Moore, Katie L. Stranks, Samuel D. Di Carlo, Aldo Divitini, Giorgio Ducati, Caterina Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Engineering::Materials Soda Lime Glass Thin Film Photovoltaics Most thin film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda lime glass (SLG) substrates containing alkali oxides, such as Na2O. Na may diffuse from SLG into a module’s active layers through P1 lines, an area between a module’s constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer (CTL) is in direct contact with SLG. Na diffusion from SLG is known to cause several important effects in II-VI and chalcogenide solar modules, but it has not been studied in perovskite solar modules (PSMs). In this work, we use complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to show that Na diffusion occurs in the fabrication process of PSMs. Na diffuses vertically inside P1 lines and then laterally from P1 lines into the active area for up to 360 μm. We propose that this process is driven by the high temperatures the devices are exposed to during CTL and perovskite annealing. The diffused Na preferentially binds with Br, forming Br-poor, I-rich perovskite and a species rich in Na and Br (Na-Br) close to P1 lines. Na-Br passivates defect sites, reducing non-radiative recombination in the perovskite and boosting its luminescence by up to 5x. Na-Br is observed to be stable after 12 weeks of device storage, suggesting long-lasting effects of Na diffusion. Our results point to a potential avenue to increase PSM performance, but also highlights the possibility of unabated Na diffusion throughout a module’s lifetime, especially if accelerated by the electric field and elevated temperatures achievable during device operation. Published version F.U.K. thanks the Jardine Foundation and Cambridge Trust for a doctoral scholarship. F.D.G. thanks the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant No. 764047 (ESPResSo). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 823717 - ESTEEM3. J.F.O. acknowledges funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Nano Doctoral Training Centre (EP/L015978/1). J.F.O., G.K., and R.A.O. acknowledge Attolight and EPSRC (EP/R025193/1) for funding and supporting the SEM-CL system. E.M.T. thanks the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 841265. S.D.S. and E.M.T. acknowledge funding from the EPSRC (EP/R023980/1), the EPSRC Centre for Advanced Materials for Integrated Energy Systems (CAM-IES, EP/P007767/1), and Cambridge Royce facilities grant (EP/P024947/1). S.D.S. acknowledges funding from the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033) and from the European Research Council under the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant No. 756962 (HYPERION). W.L. and J.L.M.-D. acknowledge support from the EPSRC (EP/L011700/1, EP/N004272/1), the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2015-017), and the Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies (CiET1819_24). We wish to acknowledge the support of the Henry Royce Institute (HRI) for F.U.K. through the Royce PhD Equipment Access Scheme enabling access to the NanoSIMS facility at Manchester. The NanoSIMS was funded by UK Research Partnership Investment Funding (UKRPIF) Manchester RPIF Round 2. This work was supported by the HRI, funded through EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1, EP/S019367/1, EP/P025021/1, and EP/P025498/1. F.U.K. thanks Dr. Thomas Aarholt (University of Oslo) for providing a function to read CAMECA NanoSIMS data in Python and Prof. Nripan Mathews (Nanyang Technological University) for useful comments and suggestions. 2023-08-01T07:19:33Z 2023-08-01T07:19:33Z 2023 Journal Article Kosasih, F. U., Di Giacomo, F., Ferrer Orri, J., Li, K., Tennyson, E. M., Li, W., Matteocci, F., Kusch, G., Yaghoobi Nia, N., Oliver, R. A., MacManus-Driscoll, J. L., Moore, K. L., Stranks, S. D., Di Carlo, A., Divitini, G. & Ducati, C. (2023). Sodium diffuses from glass substrates through P1 lines and passivates defects in perovskite solar modules. Energy and Environmental Materials. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12459 2575-0356 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169736 10.1002/eem2.12459 2-s2.0-85144620156 en Energy and Environmental Materials © 2023 Zhengshou University. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. application/pdf