从讲学探讨王学的分化 = The differentiation of Yangming school from the analysis on Jiangxue movement

• Main Author: 熊一鸣 Xiong, Yiming
• Other Authors: Ngoi Guat Peng
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2013
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Philosophy::Chinese
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/51260
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

讲学，自古以来就存在，并无时不刻与当时的政治、文化、社会等因素产生着互动。明代的讲学也有其自身特色，那就是讲会。特别是明中叶时期，可以说是明代思想的一个分界点。原本被越来越僵化的程朱理学所禁锢的思想，在国家面临内忧外患的情况下，也开始活跃起来。恰逢其时，强调“知行合一”“致良知”的王学走入人们眼帘。王学门人大力推广讲学。随着讲学之风在明中叶的兴盛，王学逐渐兴起与壮大，并于嘉靖末年达至顶峰。然而随着讲学越来越流行，其性质也发生了变化。紧随其后的，便是万历年间有明一代最严厉的禁讲学运动。在禁讲学的影响下，王学门人对讲学进行了反思。他们逐渐开始关注重建社会道德的问题。这使得他们的思想主旨，开始脱离王学的轨道，反而开始回归程朱。最终，风靡一时，影响、笼罩明代思想界近百年的王学，就此陨落。 如此一个欣欣发展的学派却逐渐分化乃至衰竭，让人不禁唏嘘。后人在探究其分化的原因之时，多从王守仁的教学方法、态度，或其教义的自相矛盾，前后不一致等内在因素去看待这一现象，却常常忽略外界影响。可是，外缘因素不容小觑。本文将结合当时的时代背景，以讲学为切入点去探讨王学的分门别派。 Since ancient times, Jiangxue movement has been existed, and related to the politics, culture, and society of that time. Jiangxue movement in Ming Dynasty had its own feature, which was Jianghui. The mid of Ming Dynasty was a cut-off point in the History of Thought. There were many internal and external troubles in that time. In this situation, people started to abandon Neo-Confucianism which became rigid. A new Though which is Yangming came into people’s eyes, which emphasized “Knowledge and Action” and “In conscience”. The disciples in Yangming School keened on Jiangxue movement. Yangming School became more and more popular since Jiangxue movement, and reached the top at Jiajing period. However the nature of Jiangxue was changed with the passing of time. In Wanli period, the most serious suppression on Jiangxue movement appeared. The disciples in Yangming School began to think about the problems of Jiangxue movement,and tried to endow the movement with new responsibilities of safeguarding or restructuring social ethic. That made the keynote in Yangming School changed their own way and returned to Neo-Confucianism. At the end, Yangming School fallen after influencing the society almost one hundred years. People wondered the reason Yangming School’s falling. Most of scholars studied this topic from the internal reasons, and ignored the external reasons. However the external reasons are important as well. This thesis will study this topic from Jiangxue movement.