翻译与政治之间 ：以1950-1960年代中学语文教科书为例 = Translation and politics : a case study of middle school chinese textbook in the 1950s and 1960s in the People's Republic of China

• Main Author: 汤竹琰 Tang, Zhu Yan
• Other Authors: School of Humanities and Social Sciences
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2013
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Language
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/51487
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

1950年代至1969年代，文革前的“十七年”中学教科书翻译作品的研究一直处于一个被遗忘的角 落，学界对这一时期的教科书中外国文学作品选编、翻译的研究并不是很多，而探讨与政治的关系的 研究则更少。本文的理论框架是文化学派代表人物勒弗维尔的改写理论，在翻译的过程中，译者的翻译行为不 可避免地会受到时代和社会文化的影响和制约。勒弗维尔认为译入语文化的意识形态、诗学、赞助人 是操纵文学翻译的三种基本力量，其中意识形态对翻译文学的制约和影响尤为显著。由于中国特殊的 政治历史背景，1950年代至1960年代间的文艺界包括翻译活动被高度地意识形态化，使其具有鲜明的 阶级性和服从性。换句话说，这一时期的外国文学作品翻译选材是在中国共产党和中央政府的领导之 下，始终遵循着党的文艺方针，与当时的主流意识形态和诗学保持一致，用以服从于建设社会主义国 家的需要。内容主要关涉这个阶段教科书中外国文学作品译作产生的历史、政治语境、选材的特点等。 关注的焦点是通过研究这个阶段外国文学作品的来源国、数量以及作家与文本内容的主题、特点来考 察在特定的政治环境中，赞助人—人民教育出版社—如何体现政治意识形态的操控和诗学的博弈的。 基于所搜集和整理的教科书编撰史料，本文运用改写理论中有关意识形态和诗学对翻译活动的影响的 相关理论，对这个阶段中国中学教科书外国文学作品译作进行了全面的考察和分析。研究发现1950至 1960年代到文革前的“十七年”间的教科书中外国文学译作受到了意识形态的操控，但在不同阶段不 同政治意识形态的制约和发展，因而诗学的博弈体现在教科书中外来译作的选编也有所不同。“十七 年”间，苏俄文学作品和社会主义国家的文学作品得到了大量的译介；对于欧美等资本主义国家的文 学作品的译介，则主要集中于古典文学作品。本文对教科书中的外来文学译作所做的研究为研究翻译与政治的关系以及所反映出来的当时政治关系的发展与变化提供一个新的视角，具有借鉴意义。 Literary translation in textbook of middle school in China between 1950s and 1960s has long been neglected. Few scholars have studied the literary translation in textbook in this period, and still fewer people have done researches on this subject from the perspective of relationship with Politics. This thesis aims to do a thorough study of the literary translation in textbook of the particular period from this perspective. The theoretical framework of this thesis is the rewriting theory of Lefevere, the representative of Cultural School. According to Lefevere, translation is a rewriting of an original text, in the translation process, the translator’s translation activity is unavoidably influenced and constrained by historical times and social-culture. In this sense, Lefevere holds that the patronage, ideology and poetics in the target culture are the three primary powers that manipulate literary translation, of which the constraints and influences on literary translation by ideology are more prominent. Because of the special political and historical background, the literary translation in textbook in the period from 1950s to 1960s is highly ideologized, which made it possess distinct class nature and submissiveness. That is, the selection was under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and its central government and always followed the literary policies of the Party, which must conform to the dominant ideology and poetics so as to serve the needs of constructing our socialist country. This thesis is concerned with the social-cultural contexts of this periods in which the literary translation in textbook the source countries, writers, texts, and the characteristics in specific contexts, etc. The thesis focuses on the patronage’s macroscopic manipulation on the selection of literary translation in textbook through ideology and poetics. This thesis conducted a comprehensive study and analysis of the collected data of the textbooks, it reviews that, the literary translation in textbook of this period was extremely manipulated by ideology through patronage. But because of different power discourse and ideology were different as well, which made the selection of translations take on different characteristics. The Soviet-Russian literature and the literature from other socialist countries were translated and introduced in large numbers, while the literature from the Occident mainly focused on classical works. This thesis makes use of Rewriting theory to study the literary translation in textbook which provides a new angle for further studying the relations between translation and politics, the relations between China and abroad which are reflected by translation relations.