Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues
This Article analyzes the principle of "trademark exhaustion" or "first-sale rule" in the European Union (EU), with particular attention to the language and different interpretations of Article 7(1) of the First Council Directive 89 104 EEC of December 21, 1988. Traditionally, mo...
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sg-smu-ink.sol_research-35572017-04-17T09:38:33Z Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues CALBOLI, Irene This Article analyzes the principle of "trademark exhaustion" or "first-sale rule" in the European Union (EU), with particular attention to the language and different interpretations of Article 7(1) of the First Council Directive 89 104 EEC of December 21, 1988. Traditionally, most jurisdictions define the extent of trademark exhaustion as either "national" or "international" exhaustion, depending on whether the rights granted by a mark are considered exhausted only in the domestic territory or also in foreign jurisdictions. Because of its nature as a regional integration of sovereign countries, the EU has historically favored a compromising approach toward the issue, and has adopted the so called principle of Community-wide exhaustion. According to this principle, trademark rights are exhausted throughout the territory of the whole EU once a product has been put on the market in any Member State. This principle was originally developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and was incorporated into Article 7(1) of the Trademark Directive in 1988. Yet, the wording of the provision is unclear as to whether Community-wide exhaustion represents a minimum standard that leaves Member States free to apply more generous rules - such as international exhaustion - or whether it applies to all trade within the EU. Unsurprisingly, this uncertainty has created many ambiguities, which have required the intervention of the ECJ in multiple instances. As a result, the ECJ has repeatedly clarified that the principle of Community-wide exhaustion is to be considered not as a minimum, but as the general standard for all trade within the EU. Still, despite these decisions, the pressure for a shift toward a regime of international exhaustion has not diminished, and considerable confusion continues to characterize the issue. Starting from the principle that consumer protection is still the major focus of trademark laws and policy in the EU, this Article explores whether, and under what conditions, a regime of international exhaustion could still be possible in the EU in the aftermath of the recent ECJ's decisions. 2002-01-01T08:00:00Z text application/pdf https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/1605 https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/sol_research/article/3557/viewcontent/Trademark_Exhaustion_in_the_European_Union_Community_Wide_or_International___The_Saga_Continues__6_Marq._Intell._Prop._L._Rev._47__2002_.pdf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law eng Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Intellectual property trademark trademark rights first sale rule Intellectual Property Law International Trade Law |
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Intellectual property trademark trademark rights first sale rule Intellectual Property Law International Trade Law CALBOLI, Irene Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
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This Article analyzes the principle of "trademark exhaustion" or "first-sale rule" in the European Union (EU), with particular attention to the language and different interpretations of Article 7(1) of the First Council Directive 89 104 EEC of December 21, 1988. Traditionally, most jurisdictions define the extent of trademark exhaustion as either "national" or "international" exhaustion, depending on whether the rights granted by a mark are considered exhausted only in the domestic territory or also in foreign jurisdictions. Because of its nature as a regional integration of sovereign countries, the EU has historically favored a compromising approach toward the issue, and has adopted the so called principle of Community-wide exhaustion. According to this principle, trademark rights are exhausted throughout the territory of the whole EU once a product has been put on the market in any Member State. This principle was originally developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and was incorporated into Article 7(1) of the Trademark Directive in 1988. Yet, the wording of the provision is unclear as to whether Community-wide exhaustion represents a minimum standard that leaves Member States free to apply more generous rules - such as international exhaustion - or whether it applies to all trade within the EU. Unsurprisingly, this uncertainty has created many ambiguities, which have required the intervention of the ECJ in multiple instances. As a result, the ECJ has repeatedly clarified that the principle of Community-wide exhaustion is to be considered not as a minimum, but as the general standard for all trade within the EU. Still, despite these decisions, the pressure for a shift toward a regime of international exhaustion has not diminished, and considerable confusion continues to characterize the issue. Starting from the principle that consumer protection is still the major focus of trademark laws and policy in the EU, this Article explores whether, and under what conditions, a regime of international exhaustion could still be possible in the EU in the aftermath of the recent ECJ's decisions. |
format |
text |
author |
CALBOLI, Irene |
author_facet |
CALBOLI, Irene |
author_sort |
CALBOLI, Irene |
title |
Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
title_short |
Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
title_full |
Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
title_fullStr |
Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
title_full_unstemmed |
Trademark Exhaustion in the European Union: Community-Wide or International?The Saga Continues |
title_sort |
trademark exhaustion in the european union: community-wide or international?the saga continues |
publisher |
Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University |
publishDate |
2002 |
url |
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/1605 https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/sol_research/article/3557/viewcontent/Trademark_Exhaustion_in_the_European_Union_Community_Wide_or_International___The_Saga_Continues__6_Marq._Intell._Prop._L._Rev._47__2002_.pdf |
_version_ |
1772829816466178048 |