新加坡华语中可能补语的表达 — 兼论能愿动词的使用情况 = A study of potential complement in Singapore Mandarin Chinese with an extended study on modal verbs

• Main Author: 蓝婉嫙 Lam, Wan Xuan
• Other Authors: Lin Jingxia
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: Nanyang Technological University 2024
• Subjects: Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; 新加坡华语 Singapore Mandarin Chinese; 可能补语 Potential complement; 能愿动词 Modal verbs
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/174105
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

可能补语在汉语日常交际中的使用频率很高，但语义较为复杂难懂，应用时限制条件比较多。具体解释可能补语时，多会运用能愿动词来说明，如”听得到”可解释为“能听到”。虽然可能补语与能愿动词在汉语里都可以表达可能意义，但两者的用法不尽相同，而汉语学习者容易将这两者混淆。当前学界可能补语的习得研究对象包括了泰国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯等国的汉语学习者，但以新加坡人为对象的研究仍有待发掘。本文以新加坡华人为研究对象，通过“视频引导法”及偏误分析法考察新加坡华语里可能补语与能愿动词的使用情况。“视频引导法”是一种全新的数据收集方式，通过视频引导被试进行自然语料的产出，有助于更加准确地观察他们在日常交际中的 语言使用情况。调查发现，在三类可能补语中，新加坡华人最熟悉A类可能补语，B类可能补语则用得较少，使用时偏误较多。C2类可能补语在新加坡华语中趋近于零。新加坡华人在使用可能补语时的偏误包括：（一）把能愿动词的误代为可能补语；（二）“不+动词”的误代；（三）补语部分误用；（四）可能补语之间的误用；（五）可能补语和能愿动词、状态补语的混淆，其中“能愿动词的误代”是最明显的偏误。能愿动词与可能补语之间存在密切联系，因此本文也考察了能愿动词在新加坡华语中的使用情况，其中的偏误较少，包括了误代及误用。误代的部分是把可能补语 误代为能愿动词，由此可见，可能补语与能愿动词在新加坡华语中相互影响。误用部分则占大多数，调查发现，在应该使用“不能”或“不可以”的句子里，新加坡华人都能准确地使用这两个表述。然而，在应该使用“不会”的句子里，新加坡华人依然使用“不能”及“不可以”，出现误用的偏误。经过统计及分析偏误例句，本文认为以上大部分的偏误都与英语的情态动词 can/ cannot 有很大的联系，新加坡华人因受到英语的情态动词的影响，常常把可能补语和能愿动词混淆。可能补语、能愿动词与英语情态动词的语义错综复杂，本研究阐述三者异同，再通过被试的新加坡华语里具体的例子分析其中偏误，希望能为可能补语与能愿动词的习得研究供参考。The Mandarin potential complement is used very frequently in daily Mandarin communication. However, it features rather complex semantic properties, and there are many restrictions when applying it in the sentence. The potential complement is often explained using modal verbs, for example, 听得到 ting de dao ‘can hear’ can be explained as 能听到 neng ting dao ‘able to hear’. Although both potential complements and modal verbs can express possibility in Mandarin, their usage is not entirely the same, and Mandarin language learners may easily confuse the two. The current academic research on the acquisition of potential complements includes Mandarin language learners from Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and other countries as research subjects. However, there is still a lack of research on Singaporeans as research subjects in this area. This study takes Singaporean Chinese as the research object, examining the usage of Mandarin Potential Complement and modal verbs in Singaporean Mandarin using the “Video-Driven Language Generation” method and error analysis. The “Video-Driven Language Generation” is a novel approach to data collection, which involves guiding subjects through video prompts to generate natural language output. This method aids in accurately observing their language usage in everyday communication situations. The investigation reveals that among three types of potential complements, Chinese Singaporeans are most familiar with Type A, less familiar with Type B, and tend to use Type C2 rarely. Common errors in using potential complements include misinterpreting modal verbs as potential complements, misusing 不bu + verb, misusing the complement part, misusing potential complements interchangeably, and confusing potential complements with modal verbs, with the misinterpretation of modal verbs being the most prevalent error. Given the significant connection between modal verbs and potential complements, this study also examines the usage of modal verbs in Singaporean Mandarin. The findings reveal fewer errors, including misinterpretations and misuses. The misinterpretations, which involve mistaking potential complement for modal verbs, indicate an influence between potential complement and modal verbs in Singaporean Mandarin. In sentences where 不能bu neng or 不可以bu ke yi should be used, Chinese Singaporeans are able to use these expressions accurately. However, in sentences where 不会bu hui should be used, Chinese Singaporeans still use 不能bu neng or 不可以bu ke yi, resulting in misuse. Through statistical analysis of error sentences, this study suggests that most errors are closely related to the English modal verbs "can/ cannot." Singaporean Chinese often confuse potential complements with modal verbs due to the influence of English modal verbs. Given the semantic complexity of potential complements, modal verbs, and English modal verbs, this study clarifies their similarities and differences and analyzes specific examples in Singaporean Mandarin to provide insights for the acquisition research of potential complements and modal verbs.