朱熹思想中“欲”之探析 ：兼論“滅人欲”工夫論及戴震的批判 = Analysis “desire” in Zhuxi’s thought and discussion about his cultivation method and Daizhen’s criticism

• Main Author: 黄敬修 Huang, Jingxiu
• Other Authors: Ngoi Guat Peng
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2013
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Philosophy::Chinese
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/54928
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

“欲”在朱熹的思想當中分幾種含意。第一個是就整體上而言，是指“情之所發”，即心的生發，可流露於行動，也可未流露於行動。生發後可導向“天理”和“人欲”。“天理”是“心之本然”，即人心的基本欲求，本有的道德倫理情感。“人欲”是人心的超基本欲求，非道德倫理情感。第二個是喜歡的含意。第三個是想要得到的含意。朱熹的思想還用了與“欲”相關含意的詞彙範疇。“慾”是心之動，但還沒流露於行動的人欲。“情欲”是心對私情的追求。“物欲”是心停滯於物而不反。“利欲”是心從物中為自己得到好處的欲求。“貪欲”是心想要得到外在的事物或從中想要得到利益的追求。“私欲”是心之偏于計較的自我功利，包含“利欲”和“貪欲”。“嗜欲”是沉溺于某種不良習慣的欲求。過去學界沒有把以上相互詞彙的關聯進行通貫式的梳理。因此，筆者想嘗試從“心”的作用來梳理“欲”的範疇，這將有助於理解朱熹對於「存天理，滅人欲」的真正涵意。“Desire”(欲,yu) in Zhuxi’s thought have many meanings. Firstly, as a whole concept, it is transmitted from “Qing” (情，qing) which is produce from the mind as its source. After producing, it can either happen emotionally or resulted into action. It can be guided into either “Tian Li”(天理，tianli) or “Ren Yu”(人欲，renyu). “Tian Li” is the basic human needs and the moral feelings of human. “Ren Yu” is the desire that exceed the basic needs and is immoral feelings of human. Secondly, “Desire” can be similar feeling to “like”. Thirdly, it is the desire of getting something. Zhuxi also used other vocabulary similar meanings with “desire”. “Yu” (慾, yu) is desire of wanting but haven resulted into action yet. “Qing Yu”(情欲, qingyu) is desire of pursuing of passion in the mind for own self . “Wu Yu”(物欲, wuyu) is the obsession of material that result in the mind after attachment of things. “Li Yu”(利欲 liyu) is the desire of gaining benefits from the material world in the mind for own self. “Tan Yu” (貪欲,tanyu) is the desire of pursuing of both material and benefit in the mind for own self. “Si Yu”(私欲,siyu) is the fussiness over the benefit for own self in the mind and it includes “Tan Yu” (貪欲,tanyu) and “Li Yu”(利欲 liyu). “Shi Yu” (嗜欲, shiyu) is the desire that indulge into bad habits in the mind. In the past, scholars didn’t sort out the linkage between the desires and the mindset. Thus, this thesis tries to link the function of the mind to the desire. This would help to understand Zhuxi’s thought and his method of cultivation.