Characterization of colloidal fouling in forward osmosis via ultrasonic time - (UTDR) and frequency-domain reflectometry (UFDR)
Ultrasonic time- (UTDR) and frequency-domain reflectometry (UFDR) were applied to characterize internal and external fouling in the forward osmosis (FO) process. Unlike RO applications, in which the transducer was placed above the membrane to detect external fouling on the top surface of membrane, t...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10356/155519 |
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| Institution: | Nanyang Technological University |
| Language: | English |