Data-driven analysis of COVID-19 reveals persistent immune abnormalities in convalescent severe individuals

• Main Authors: Lim, Jackwee, Puan, Kia Joo, Wang, Liang Wei, Teng, Karen Wei Weng, Loh, Chiew Yee, Tan, Kim Peng, Carissimo, Guillaume, Chan, Yi-Hao, Poh, Chek Meng, Lee, Cheryl Yi-Pin, Fong, Siew-Wai, Yeo, Nicholas Kim-Wah, Chee, Rhonda Sin-Ling, Siti Naqiah Amrun, Chang, Zi Wei, Tay, Matthew Zirui, Torres-Ruesta, Anthony, Leo Fernandez, Norman, How, Wilson, Andiappan, Anand Kumar, Lee, Wendy, Duan, Kaibo, Tan, Seow-Yen, Yan, Gabriel, Kalimuddin, Shirin, Lye, David Chien, Leo, Yee Sin, Ong, Sean Wei Xiang, Young, Barnaby Edward, Renia, Laurent, Ng, Lisa F. P., Lee, Bernett, Rötzschke, Olaf
• Other Authors: Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: Science::Medicine; COVID-19; Cytokine Profile
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/161473
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger uncontrolled innate and adaptive immune responses, which are commonly associated with lymphopenia and increased neutrophil counts. However, whether the immune abnormalities observed in mild to severely infected patients persist into convalescence remains unclear. Herein, comparisons were drawn between the immune responses of COVID-19 infected and convalescent adults. Strikingly, survivors of severe COVID-19 had decreased proportions of NKT and Vδ2 T cells, and increased proportions of low-density neutrophils, IgA+/CD86+/CD123+ non-classical monocytes and hyperactivated HLADR+CD38+ CD8+ T cells, and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A, long after virus clearance. Our study suggests potential immune correlates of "long COVID-19", and defines key cells and cytokines that delineate true and quasi-convalescent states.